Natural disasters often disrupt people's livelihoods by destroying basic livelihoods and displacing people from the workplace. Drought, as the most costly and destructive natural hazards in most parts of the world, affects people's livelihoods. Among them, rural households are directly affected by the consequences due to the close dependence of the economy and livelihood of the inhabitants of these areas with their natural environment. Caused by this phenomenon and increase their vulnerability. In many rural areas, the survival or improvement of people's lives is not only possible through agriculture, but also the adoption of a wide range of livelihood strategies. The aim of this study was to analyze and rank the livelihood strategies of villagers in response to drought using Friedman ranking method, ORESTE ranking and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of Friedman test indicate that there is a significant difference between livelihood strategies in rural areas of the study area. In the meantime, the solution for carrying out activities other than the agricultural sector with a rank (8.83) and the use of treated industrial wastewater to irrigate agricultural lands and gardens with a rank (5.81), to the highest and lowest average rank to Have dedicated themselves. The results of ORESTE model show that the villages of Chaypareh Pa'in, Ghani Bigloo and Qara Pashtloo with ranks (626.3), (871) and (889.4) respectively due to having unstable water sources such as aqueducts and springs also have The favorable situation of financial, natural and human assets in the application of livelihood strategies are in a higher rank than other rural areas.
Agrawal, A. (2008).The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change International Forestry Research and Institutions Program (IFRI) Working Paper (W08I- 3
Apata T.G., Samuel K.D., Adeola A.O., 2009, Analysis of Climate Change Perception and Adaptation among Arable Food Crop Farmers in South Western Nigeria, Paper presented at the conference of International Association of Agricultural Economics, PP. 2–9.
Arunrat, N., Wang, C., Pumijumnong, N., Sereenonchai, S., Cai, W., (2017). Farmers' intention and decision to adapt to climate change: A case study in the Yom and Nan basins, Phichit province of Thailand, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol 143, Elsevier, Pp 672-685.
Ashraf, M., and Routray, J.K. (2013). Perception and understanding of drought and coping strategies of farming households in north-west Balochistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 5, 49-60.
Ayeb-Karlsson S, van der Geest K, Ahmed I, Huq S, Warner K (2016) A people-centred perspective on climate change, environmental stress, and livelihood resilience in Bangladesh, Sustain Sci ,11:679–694
Bekele Shiferawa, , Kindie Tesfaye, Menale Kassie, Tsedeke Abate, B.M. Prasanna, Abebe Menkir(2014) Managing vulnerability to drought and enhancing livelihood resilience in sub-Saharan Africa: Technological, institutional and policy options, WeatherandClimateExtremes3(2014)67–79
Bryan, E., Deressa, T.T., Gbetibouo, G.A., and Ringler, C. (2009). Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints. Environmental Science and Policy, 12 (4), 413-426.
Campbell, D., Barker, D., McGeregor, D. (2011) Dealing with Drought: Small Farmers and Environmental Hazards in Southern St. Elizabeth, Jamaica, Applied Geography, 31 (1), pp. 146-158.
Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st Century, IDS Discussion Paper 296. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
Dumitraşcu, M., Mocanu, I., Mitrică, B., Dragotă, C., Grigorescu, I. and Dumitrică, C., 2018.The assessment of socio-economic vulnerability to drought in Southern Romania(Oltenia Plain). International journal of disaster risk reduction, 27: 142-154.
Evans, J., & Geerken, R. (2004). Discrimination betweenclimate and human-induced dryland degradation. Journal of Arid Environment, 57, 535-554.
Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Abdrabo, M. K., Adger, N., & Burkett, V. R. (2014). Summary for policymakers. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1-32.
Flannigan, M. D., & Harrington, J. B. (1988). A study of the relation of meteorological variables to monthly provincial area burned by wildfire in Canada (1953-1980). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 27, 441-452.
German L, and G, Schoneveld a review of social sustainability considerations among EU- provedap- voluntary schemes for biofuels with plicationsim for rural Livelihoods,. Policy Energy. 765-778
Guo X, Kapucu N (2018) Examining the impacts of disaster resettlement from a livelihood perspective:
Habiba, U., Shaw, R., and Takeuchi, Y. (2012). Farmer’s perception and adaptation practices to cope with
Hoque, M.A.-A., Tasfia, S., Ahmed, N. and Pradhan, B., 2019b. Assessing Spatial FloodVulnerability at Kalapara Upazila in Bangladesh Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sensors, 19(6): 1302 ,https ://doi.org/10.1787/97892 64201 392-en
Islam, M.T., Nursey-Bray, M., (2017). Adaptation to climate change in agriculture in Bangladesh: the role of formal institutions, Journal of environmental management, Vol 200, Elsevier, Pp 347-358
Jiao,W., Tian, C., Chang, Q., Novick, K.A. and Wang, L., 2019. A new multi-sensoKao S-C, Govindaraju SR (2010) A copula-based joint deficit index for droughts. J Hydrol 380:121–134
Keshavarz, M., Karami, A. And Zamani (2010) Vulnerability of farming households to drought: A case study. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences, Volume 6, Number 2, pp. 15
Kim, H., Park, J., Yoo, J. and Kim, T.-W., 2015. Assessment of drought hazard, vulnerability, and risk: A case study for administrative districts in South Korea. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 9(1): 28-
Kumar Harish, Pandey B.W., Subhash Anand,(2019), Analyzing the Impacts of forest Ecosystem -
Kurukulasuriya, Mendelssohn, 2008, A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland, African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2 (1), PP. 1–23.
Le Dé L, Rey T, Leone F, Gilbert D (2018) Sustainable livelihoods and effectiveness of disaster
Liu, X., Guo, P., Tan, Q., Xin, J., Li, Y. and Tang, Y., 2019. Drought risk evaluation model with interval number ranking and its application. Science of The Total Environment, 685: 1042-1057
Maddison, D., 2006, The Perception of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (4308).
Maponya, Ph., & Mpandeli, S. (2012). Climate Change and Agricultural Production in South Africa: Impacts and Adaptation options. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(10), 48-60.
Masoud, M.M., Azam, M.N., Mohiuddin, M., Banna, H., Akhtar, R., Alam, A.F., & Begum, H., (2017). Adaptation barriers and strategies towards climate change: Challenges in the agricultural sector. Journal of cleaner production, Vol 156, Elsevier, Pp 698-706
Mbaiwaa, J.E. and Stronzab, A. (2010). “The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta”, Botswana, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5):pp 635-656
Meteorological Organization of Zanjan Province,2014
Meteorological Organization of Zanjan Province,2017
Mohammad Reza Pudineh, Mehrshad Toulabinejad, Meysam Toulabinejad (1399) The effects of drought on the activities and livelihood of rural households (Case study: Mir Javah city) Geographical studies of arid areas, Volume 10, Number 37,
Molua, E.L., 2008, Turning up the Heat on African Agriculture: the impact of climate change on Cameroon’s agriculture, African Journal of Agriculture and Resource Economics 2008; 2(1), PP.45–64.
Ngo, Q.T. (2016). Farmers’ adaptive measures to climate change induced natural shocks through past climate experiences in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(15),
Nhemachena, C., Hassan, R., 2007, Micro-level Analysis of Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa, IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00714. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
Nouri, Morteza; Nouripour, Mehdi (1398), Strategies for Exposing Farmers in Mehr, Fars Province to Drought: From Perception to Practice, Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences, Volume 15, Number 1
(2013). How’s Life? 2013: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from /content/book/9789264201392-
Olsson P, Folke C, Hahn T (2004). Social–ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden. EcolSoc 9(4):2.
PARDON P JACK)2017), An Assessment of the impacts of drought on rural livelihoods: Ward 23, Muzarabani District, BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT GEOGRAPHY.
Pasteur, K. (2001) Changing organisations for sustainable livelihoods. Brighton, UK: Institute for Development Studies.
Pei, W., Fu, Q., Liu, D., Li, T., Cheng, K. and Cui, S., 2019. A Novel Method for Agricultural Drought Risk Assessment. Water Resources Management, 33(6): 2033- 2047.
Pu Gujun , Alice Chang‑Richards, Suzanne Wilkinson, Regan Potangaroa (2020), What makes a successful livelihood recovery? a study of China’s Lushan earthquake, Natural Hazards,
Quant Amy,(2018),Measuring livelihood resilience: The Household Livelihood Resilience Approach (HLRA), World Development 107 (2018) 253–263
Rahman, M.R. and Lateh, H., 2016. Meteorological drought in Bangladesh: assessing, analysing and hazard mapping using SPI, GIS and monthly rainfall data. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(12): 1-20
Régnier P, Gaillard JC, Neri B, Scuteri S, Miniati S (2008) From emergency relief to livelihood recovery.
Rezaei, Ruhollah; Hosseini, Seyed Mahmoud; Sharifi, Omid (2010) Analysis and explanation of the impact of drought on rural areas of Zanjan city Case study of Haj Arash village, Rural Research, 3, pp. 129
Riahi, Vahid, Pashazadeh, Asghar (2013) Economic and Social Effects of Drought on Rural Areas of Garmi Count Azadloo village, Geographical perspective in rural studies, 8th year, No. 25, pp. 37
Rudolf W., Hermann W., 2009, Climate Risk and Farming Systems in Rural Cameroon, Institute of Development and Agricultural Economics, University of Hannover, Germany, PP. 4-21.
Sam, Anu Susan, Subash Surendran Padmaja, Harald K€achele, Ranjit Kumar, Klaus Müller(2020) Climate change, drought and rural communities: Understanding people’s perceptions and adaptations in rural eastern India, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 44 ,101436
Savari Moslem, Shaban Ali Fami Hossein, Irvani Houshang, Asadi Ali (2015), Development of Strategies for Sustainability of Small-Scale Farmers' Livelihood and Training of Common Strategies for Drought Stability and Vulnerability, Quarterly Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, Volume 6, Number 3,
Scoones I (2015) Sustainable livelihoods and rural development. Practical Action Publishing, UK
Shaw R, Alexander B, Chan-Halbrendt C, Salim W (2006) Sustainable livelihood considerations for disaster, volume 21, issue none (2012)
Shaw, R., Mallick, F., & Islam, A. (2013). Climate change: global perspectives. In Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh (pp. 3-14). Springer Japan
Shewmake, Sh., 2008, Vulnerability and the Impact of Climate Change in South Africa's Limpopo River Basin, International food policy research Institute.
Thomas, T., Jaiswal, R., Galkate, R., Nayak, P. and Ghosh, N., 2016. Drought indicators based integrated assessment of drought vulnerability: a case study of Bundelkhand droughts in central India. Natural Hazards, 81(3): 1627-1652
Vento, J.Ph., Reddy, V.R. & Umapathy, D., 2010, Coping with Drought in Irrigated South India: Farmers’ adjustments in NagarjunaSagar, Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, PP. 1434-1442.
Vulnerability at Kalapara Upazila in Bangladesh Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sensors, 19(6)
Wang, Y., Yang, J., Chang, J. and Zhang, R., 2019. Assessing the drought mitigation ability of the reservoir in the downstream of the Yellow River. Science of The Total Environment, 646: 1327-1335.
Zhang, Q., Sun, P., Li, J., Xiao, M. and Singh, V.P., 2015. Assessment of drought vulnerability of the Tarim River basin, Xinjiang, China. Theoretical and applied climatology, 121(1-2): 337-347.
Zoljoodi Mojtaba , Didevarasl Ali. (2013). Evaluation of Spatial-Temporal Variability of Drought Events in Iran Using Palmer Drought Severity Index and Its Principal Factors (through 1951-2005). Atmospheric and Climate Sciences
arboni, Z., yeghaneh, B., einali, J., farahani, H., & cheraghi, M. (2022). Analysis and ranking of livelihood strategies for villagers to deal with the effects of drought
Case study: Zanjan city. Regional Planning, 12(48), 221-236. doi: 10.30495/jzpm.2021.26920.3818
MLA
zahra arboni; behroz yeghaneh; jamshid einali; hosein farahani; mahdi cheraghi. "Analysis and ranking of livelihood strategies for villagers to deal with the effects of drought
Case study: Zanjan city". Regional Planning, 12, 48, 2022, 221-236. doi: 10.30495/jzpm.2021.26920.3818
HARVARD
arboni, Z., yeghaneh, B., einali, J., farahani, H., cheraghi, M. (2022). 'Analysis and ranking of livelihood strategies for villagers to deal with the effects of drought
Case study: Zanjan city', Regional Planning, 12(48), pp. 221-236. doi: 10.30495/jzpm.2021.26920.3818
VANCOUVER
arboni, Z., yeghaneh, B., einali, J., farahani, H., cheraghi, M. Analysis and ranking of livelihood strategies for villagers to deal with the effects of drought
Case study: Zanjan city. Regional Planning, 2022; 12(48): 221-236. doi: 10.30495/jzpm.2021.26920.3818
)
