نقش کاهش فرصت جرم در ارتقای امنیت محله‌های شهری با استفاده از رویکرد مکانی (مطالعه موردی: محله‌های سعدی و کوشک میدان، شهر شیراز)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• علیرضا عبداله زاده فرد ¹
• روجا خسروی ²

¹ استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد صفاشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، صفاشهر، ایران

² مربی گروه شهرسازی، واحد بیضا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیضا، ایران

چکیده

جرم در یک تقاطع زمانی و مکانی فاقد نظارت و مراقبت، وقتی بزهکار با انگیزه و بزه‌دیده مناسب با هم مواجه می‌شوند، به وجود می‌آید. تا پیش از قرن بیستم تأکید جرم‌شناسان بر پیشگیری اجتماعی از جرم بود. تغییر جهت اساسی از عامل انسانی که جرم را به وجود می‌آورد به مکان یعنی جایی که جرم اتفاق می‌افتد، در این زمان رخ داد و رویکرد پیشگیری مکانی از وقوع جرم مطرح شد. بر اساس نظریات مطرح شده در این رویکرد با کاهش فرصت ارتکاب جرم به واسطه تغییرات در محیط می‌توان امنیت را افزایش داد. بدین منظور پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش کاهش فرصت جرم در ارتقای امنیت محله‌های شهری با استفاده از رویکرد مکانی انجام گرفته است. روش مطالعه پیمایش و ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه‌ی محقق ساخته می‌باشد. دو محله سعدی و کوشک میدان واقع در شهر شیراز با توجه به قرارگیری در محدوده بافت‌های ناکارآمد شهری به عنوان نمونه موردی انتخاب شدند. تعداد حجم نمونه برای هر یک از محله‌ها با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و با توجه به حجم جامعه تعیین گردید. داده‌ها توسط نرم‌افزارهای SPSS , AMOS تحلیل شده‌اند. روش نمونه‌گیری «تصادفی ساده» می‌باشد. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای سنجش روایی و اعتبار پرسشنامه و روش معادلات ساختاری جهت بررسی نقش کاهش فرصت ارتکاب جرم در افزایش امنیت ساکنین محله‌های شهری استفاده شده است. یافته‌های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که در محله سعدی به ازای یک واحد کاهش در فرصت جرم، متغیر امنیت به میزان 0.78 ارتقا می‌یابد. این میزان برای محله کوشک میدان 0.63می‌باشد. از میان ابعاد کاهش فرصت جرم، تاثیرگذارترین بعد بر ارتقاء امنیت در محله سعدی همبستگی اجتماعی و در محله کوشک میدان، قلمروگرایی می‌باشند. بنابراین با دقت در میزان اثر متغیرهای فوق می‌توان راهکارهای مناسب برای ارتقای امنیت در محدوده‌های مطالعاتی را تعیین نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• کاهش فرصت جرم
• ارتقای امنیت محله
• رویکرد مکانی

20.1001.1.22516735.1396.7.28.15.4

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of crime commitment opportunity decrease role in urban neighborhood's safety promotion by using positional approach (Case study: sa'adi and kooshkmeidan neighborhoods, Shiraz)

نویسندگان [English]

• A.R Abdolahzade fard ¹
• R Khosravi ²

¹ Assistant Professorو Department of urban design, Safashahr branch, Islamic Azad University, Safashahr, Iran

² Department of urban design, Beyza branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran

چکیده [English]

Crime will occur only where there is a convergence in space and time of motivated offenders, suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians. Before 20th century, criminologists emphasized on recognizing the felon characteristics and empowering the victims. Then a "positional prevention approach" was introduced as a result of a fundamental shift from human characteristics to environmental factors. It is assumed that fewer opportunities for committing a crime will lead to higher security of the place. This study evaluated the role of decreasing environmental opportunities for crime in increasing neighborhood security. Koshk meidan and Saadi neighborhoods, in the city of Shiraz, were selected as case studies regarding their inefficient urban environments. Simple random method was chosen for this research's sampling and the sample size calculated based on Cochran formula. Then the data have been processed using Spss and Amos. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for questionnaire Reliability test and Structural equation model was used to evaluate the role of crime opportunities in neighborhood's security. The results showed that for every unit decrease in crime opportunities, the neighborhood's security would increase 0.78 unit for Saadi and 0.63 unit for Koshk meidan. Among all factors influencing crime opportunity reduction, social cohesion in Saadi and Territoriality in Koshk meidan had the strongest effect on improving security. By paying more attention in the scope of above factors on improving neighborhood security, proper guidelines could be introduced.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• decrease crime opportunity
• upgrade neighborhood security
• Positional approach

مراجع

1. Afrasyabi, A. (2010): Problem-oriented approach to crime prevention in Iran. Danesh-E-Entezami, Vol.12, NO.1 (46), pp .191-224 (in Persian).
2. Anderson, J. and J.M. MacDonald, and R. Bluthenthal, and S Ashwood, (2013): Reducing crime by shaping the built environment with zoning: An empirical study of Los Angeles. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161, 699–756.
3. Armitage, R. (2010): The impact of connectivity and through-movement within residential development on levels of crime and anti-social behavior. University of Huddersfield.
4. Ceccato, V. And N. Lukyte, (2011): safety and sustainability in a city in transition: the case of Vilnius, Lithuania. Cities Journal, 28, pp.83-94.
5. Clarke, R, (2009): The theory of crime prevention through environmental design. Quarterly police management studies (PMSQ), Vol. 3, NO.3, pp.344-356 (in Persian).
6. HatamiNejad, H. and B. Mansoori, and M. Feli, (2013): Clarifying the role of urban spaces in crime prevention and security. Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR). Vol. 22, Issue. 87, pp 68-76 (in Persian).
7. Heidari, Gh.H. and B. Kargar, and S. Manafi, and M. Khorasaniyan, (2012): Crime prevention through environment design. Quarterly Journal of human geography (Islamic Azad University Garmsar Branch). Vol.4, Issue. 1, pp. 11-27 (in Persian).
8. Hirschfield, A. and M. Birkin, C. Brunsdon, and N. Malleson, and A. Newton, (2014): How Places Influence Crime: The Impact of Surrounding Areas on Neighborhood Burglary Rates in a British City, urban studies, 51 (5), pp.1057-1072.
9. Hosseini, B. and M. Kameli, (2017): investigation of environmental factors affecting the occurrence of urban crime (crime of theft)-case study: district 1and 7 of Qom. Journal of Geography, Vol.15, No. 53, pp. 205-218 (in Persian).
10. Kajalo, S. and A. Lindblom, (2015): Creating a safe and pleasant shopping environment: A retailer's view. Property Management, 33(3), 275–286.
11. Kruger, T. (2012), Safer by design- towards effective crime prevention through environmental design in South Africa, CSIR, Pretoria.
12. Moghimi, M. and A. Rafatiasl, (2010): Police and situational strategies of crime prevention. Quarterly Entezam-E-EJTEMAEI.Vol.2, No.1, pp.63-97 (in Persian).
13. Plaster, S. and S. Carter, (2010): Planning for Prevention: Sarasota, Florida's Approach to CPTED, Florida Criminal Justice Executive institute, Tallahassee. 
14. Salimi, F. and L. Ghaemi, and N. Adeli, (2016): Evaluating the Design of Akhoond District Center in Qazvin; Improving Security Level, Citing CPTED Approach. Motaleate shahri (Journal of urban studies), Vol. 6, Issue 21, pp.29-38 (in Persian).
15. Shakuriasl, Sh. (2016): Crime Fright among women in urban environment: case study of specific neighborhood and health. Women's Research journal, Vol.7, Issue.16, Issue serial number. 2, pp85-108 (in Persian).
16. Sohn, Dong-Wook. (2016): Residential crimes and neighborhood built environment: Assessing the effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), cities journal,52, pp.86-93.
17. Souri, E. (2009): A Review of theoretical controversy about security and crime prevention method. ARMANSHAHR Architecture & urban development (journal of architecture, urban design & urban planning). Vol.2, Issue.2, Issue serial number. 3, pp 31-38 (in Persian).
18. Varvaie, A and M. Moghimi, and M. Ebadinezhad and GH. Moradi, (2011): Effective factors in the occurrence of robberies in bandar‐ abbas 2010 (from situational crime preventions viewpoint), Danesh-E-Entezami, Vol.13, NO.3 (52), pp .135-168 (in Persian).
19. Varvaie, A. and J. Hatamzadeh, (2015): Crime prevention through architecture and urbanization (case study: Main streets in district 4 of Kermanshah city). Quarterly Entezam-E-EJTEMAEI. Vol.7, No.2, pp.83-114 (in Persian).
20. Wortley, R. and M. McFarlane, (2011): The role of territoriality in crime prevention: A Field experiment. Security Journal. 24(2), 149-156.

12.  Mirjamshidian, A. and H. Nematzadeh, and S. Abbaspour, (2016): Crime prevention through environmental design. New research in management and accounting journal, Vol.2, No. 4, pp. 31-40 (in Persian).

14.  Mohseni, M.R. and A. Zandiatashbar, and M. Masud, (2013): A comparative study of physical elements in Shiraz traditional districts with the features of CPTED approach. Iranian Islamic city study journal. Vol.4, Issue 13, pp.65-72 (in Persian).

15.  Mostofiolmamaleki, R. and F. Bahrami, (2014): Investigating Environmental prevention of crime with CPTED approach. Danesh-E-Entezami, Vol.13, NO.3 (52), pp .135-168 (in Persian).

16.  Nayebi, H. and M. Soleymani, (2017): Investigating the Relationship between Physical-Spatial Situation, Crime and Safety in Urban Spaces (case study: Sidewalks in Khorramabad city). Urban sociological studies journal.Vol.7. Issue.22, pp. 1-22 (in Persian).

17.  Norozi, B. and M. Barani and M.H. Sarkeshian, (2011): Crime prevention from theory to practice with an emphasis on the role of police. Tehran, Office of Applied Police Prevention, pp. 267-322 (in Persian).

18.  OshtoriFard, H. and M. Faghiye, (2015): Providing a model for preventing social worries about crime and creating social security (Case study: Residents of Tehran), Journal of Social Security Studies, Vol.2, No. 41, pp.1-22 (in Persian).

24.    Tavasoli, M.H. and M.A. Sadeghi, M. (2015): Islamic teachings of crime prevention, Insight and Islamic education. Vol. 12, No. 32, pp. 42-73 (in Persian).